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                <text>Besek explains how the collecting and preserving of digital content poses challenges to the intellectual property rights that libraries and archives are use to following. A balance between copyright owners and users is an ongoing process; therefore, Besek offers a paper in which she describes the copyright rules and exceptions. She also focuses on issues those involved with libraries and archives might encounter if involved in the creation of a digital archive. Besek explains that numerous factors exist when determining the copyright implications for works being considered for inclusion in an archive. Some of these factors include: the purpose of the archive, its subject matter, the manner in which it will acquire materials, and who will have access to the archive, and from where, and under what conditions. The purpose of Besek’s paper is not to go in-depth about copyright, but to provide the reader and potential archive creator, with information about basic copyright matters, so that the creator might recognize areas of concern as he/she plans the archive. </text>
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                <text>Besek, June M. "Copyright Issues Relevant to the Creation of a Digital Archive: A Preliminary Assessment." Council on Library and Information Resources Reports. December 2005. Accessed January 25, 2012. http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports.</text>
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                <text>This report discusses what archives must do in order to provide access to unpublished sound recordings from 1972 and earlier.  Unpublished sound recordings may have been created for private use or broadcast, but were not distributed to the public.  They may have been such recordings as live musical performances or interviews.  Unpublished sound recordings rights are different from commercial recordings intended for sale.  Archives and libraries may have purchased them or have had them donated.  Some may be significant because they may be the only recordings of a particular event.  The report’s review of copyright law finds that libraries are liable for preserving, copying, and streaming unpublished sound recordings from pre-1972.  However, it finds it unlikely that libraries will ever be held liable for these laws, especially since sound recordings and their legal protection vary so much.</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;Besek, June M. “Copyright and Related Issues Relevant to Digital Preservation and Dissemination of Unpublished Pre1972 Sound Recordings by Libraries and Archives.” &lt;em&gt;Council on Library and Information Resources&lt;/em&gt;. March 2009. Publication 144.  Accessed February 4, 2012. &lt;a href="http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub144"&gt;http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub144&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OaKD055Tang.</text>
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                <text>Scholarly communications librarian Denise Troll Covey elaborates the difficulties and challenges of digitizing and providing access to books. Reporting on three separate studies sponsored wholly or in part by the Carnegie Mellon University Libraries, Covey cites the labor and time intensive work behind securing publisher and author permissions for not merely digitizing, but also providing access to previously printed works. Despite the open access initiatives by scholars and international consortium, such as the Budapest Open Access Initiative in 2002,she reports fewer than half of the targeted collections become available to the public. While continuing to encourage and promote efforts to secure copyright permissions for digitizing and publishing books, Covey acknowledges current U.S. copyright laws must be changed and advocates lobbying legislative officials to develop both laws and technologies that do not impinge upon the public's right to know. Notwithstanding recent measures to curtail "copyright misuse" (overly restrictive practices by copyright holders), Covey notes that legal protection for creative expression and doctrines such as Fair Use and library copying privileges have weakened in response to aggressive publisher and author tactics to secure and restrict access to digitized books. &#13;
&#13;
One solution for scholarly institutions countering restricted access has been to create institutional repositories. Although these measures facilitate research and scholarly exchange, they do not meet the larger public's rights to information and creative expression. As each of the Carnegie Mellon studies reveal, the status of copyright permission for digitizing individual books is often unknown or unattainable, erring on the conservative side and therefore, rendering such books unavailable. Covey provides sources for locating copyright status and suggests diplomatic means for requesting and securing rights to digitize and make available previously printed books.</text>
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                <text> ©2014 Council on Library and Information Resources. All rights reserved.</text>
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                <text>Covey, Denise Troll.&lt;em&gt; Acquiring Copyright Permission to Digitize and Provide Open Access to Books. &lt;/em&gt;Washington, D.C.: Council on Library and Information Resources, 2005.</text>
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                <text>John P. Wilkin, executive director of &lt;a href="http://www.hathitrust.org/"&gt;HathiTrust&lt;/a&gt; and associate research librarian for the University of Michigan, provides an in-depth report on the current percentages of published works that are at various stages of public domain and in-copyright. He explains that ascertaining the extent of the institution’s collections, the number of orphan works (holder of copyright unavailable), and the number of works in-copyright, enables librarians and archivists to develop strategies for storage and circulation of items particularly suited for academic institutions. A comprehensive bibliography with complete metadata enables scholarship found lacking in many large-scale bibliographic resources, including WorldCat and Google Books. Although Wilkin acknowledges these sources facilitate discovery through their search and retrieval interfaces, the quality of information provided is limited primarily to publication data. He suggests a significant amount of gray literature and orphan works are unavailable due to copyright restrictions and minimal cataloging. Thus, even within academic institutions, the patrons are unaware of potentially valuable resources. Using HathiTrust’s resources to survey the scope and categories of works ranging from public domain to in-copyright status, Wilkin concludes that the largest percentage of academic library collections are comprised of orphan works. In addition to the patron’s lack of access to these rich materials, these institutions incur great cost and unnecessary duplication of printed material for storage and maintenance.</text>
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                <text>Wilkin, John P. "Bibliographic Indeterminacy and the Scale of Problems and Opportunities of “Rights” in Digital Collection Building." &lt;em&gt;Ruminations &lt;/em&gt;1 (2011): 1-15. &lt;a href="http://www.clir.org/pubs/ruminations/01wilkin"&gt;http://www.clir.org/pubs/ruminations/01wilkin&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Andrew Charlesworth, senior research fellow in IT at the University of Bristol, reports on copyright permissions and legislation affecting the archiving of Internet sources in the UK, Europe, Australia, and the United States. In this report, Charlesworth identifies the national legal and technical responses for protecting intellectual property, and describes countermeasures taken by libraries and archives to obtain and open access to these Internet sources.&#13;
&#13;
While Charlesworth notes that the U.S. system is both "pragmatic and confusing," he illuminates key issues for U.S. digital archivists and librarians including laws favoring primarily "physical" and "decisional" privacy rights. This translates into government protection mainly for individuals and not for third parties, such as libraries and archives. The principles of fair use and rights to create archival copies do not necessarily afford a web archive's right to preserve and disseminate web content. Charlesworth cites two major U.S. web archiving projects, the Library of Congress' "Minerva" and the Internet Archive. Although Minerva served primarily to gauge user response to a limited number of archived web sites, the Internet Archive continues to expand as it adheres to its mission to preserve all "publicly accessible materials displayed on the Internet." Charlesworth contrasts the lack of selection policy and surface web crawling against European and Australian more clearly defined guidelines and licensing options. The U.S. web archiving practices, indicated by Minerva and the Internet Archive, do not have clearly defined legal permissions and are thus vulnerable to legal redress as well as losing potentially valuable information in the "deep" (private) web.</text>
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                <text>Charlesworth, Andrew. "Legal issues relating to the archiving of Internet resources in the UK, EU, USA and Australia: A study undertaken for the JISC and Wellcome Trust." &lt;em&gt;Joint Information Systems Committee &lt;/em&gt;Ver 1.0 (2003). &lt;a href="http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_documents/archiving_legal.pdf"&gt;http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_documents/archiving_legal.pdf&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                  <text>This collection represents the delicate balance digital archivists seek when designing an archive that preserves and provides access, while also ensuring all parties' right to privacy and intellectual property. Also known as risk management, archives must anticipate potential infringements of intellectual property and privacy rights, and guard the public's right to free and open access. Items in the collection address risk management issues and underscore the necessity for keeping current in legal and ethical archival practices.</text>
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                <text>The present scholarly publishing system, at best can be described as a monolithic complex tangle of monopolistic publishers and their stringent copyright policies for content, which to say the least, are not in the author’s or society’s interest. The open access (OA) movement has brought a whiff of fresh air and is fast emerging as a possible solution to the problem of ‘chained content’. It has spawned several&#13;
initiatives, which in their own way propose to change the way people publish and share scholarly content. Institutional repository (IR) is becoming one of the most popular tools for self-archival and dissemination of an organisation’s intellectual or scholarly output. The primary objective is not just&#13;
preservation or changing the scholarly publication process, but showcasing the institution’s research or work to the outside community. The IR serves as A tangible indicator of an institution’s quality, thus increasing its visibility, prestige, and public value. One of the biggest roadblocks to self-archiving is the copyright policies of publishers, which may not allow or allow self-archiving with associated riders. Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) issues and content licensing are major policy issues from creation and depositing content in an IR. The paper examines the implications of copyright in the context of populating IR.</text>
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                <text>Polk, Victoria</text>
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                <text>http://publications.drdo.gov.in/ojs/index.php/djlit/article/view/216</text>
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                <text>Nath, Shashi S., et.al.</text>
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