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                  <text>What is an Archive?</text>
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                  <text>Archives are collections of primary sources, cataloged and grouped for the purpose of preserving and making accessible the records of society’s cultural and historic heritage. Laura Millar, noted archivist and author of Archives principles and practices, defines the mission of archives “to acquire, preserve and make available the documentary memory of society…”(Millar 2010). These entries will focus on the explanation and description of an archive and why they are important to society. What does it mean to be an archive and what is the value of an archive?</text>
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                <text>Digital photography has recently become one of society's important means of recording. For this reason it has also become a potential archival record of great significance. However, as of yet, few born-digital (defined in opposition to "made digital" or "digitized" photographs, which are created by scanning analogue sources), photographs have been acquired by archives. Furthermore, few seem likely to be acquired in the immediate future. While there has been considerable attention given in archival literature to conventional photography and archives, as well as to textual electronic records and archives, little has been written about digital photography. This thesis addresses this archival challenge and aims to encourage a more active and informed archival response to digital photography</text>
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                <text>Rae Simonson, Karen. &lt;em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Becoming Digital: The Challenges of Archiving Digital Photographs.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; Manitoba: University of Manitoba Press, 2006. Print. &lt;em&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;
&lt;h2&gt; &lt;/h2&gt;</text>
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                <text>Defining "born digital": an essay</text>
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                <text>Erway provides a succinctly defined list of fundamental tasks and issues to consider when creating and preserving digital collections. Born-digital resources are simply “items created and managed in digital form.” Erway begins his essay by describing nine basic types of born-digital items including documents, images, data sets and digital media. He accompanies each description with recommended methods for preservation, noting that some types, such as documents, may require emulating the original software that created the document. Many factors affect born-digital preservation, such as whether or not the document was created with proprietary software, the hardware and operating system are obsolescent, or how the document might be used in the future.&#13;
&#13;
 Erway discusses key issues affecting the preservation of born-digital items by assessing the inherent risks and detailing seven fundamental archival challenges. A key issue, such as “bit rot” adds to the complexity of adapting archival standards to digital collections. Standard archival principles, including provenance, are jeopardized by loss or corruption of digital data or by the proprietary nature of some software. Documents protected by such software may not be able to provide contextual information that might be useful for establishing the document’s origins and relationships to other items in the collection. Erway also illuminates a fundamental archival challenge in balancing the creator’s right to privacy against the public right to access.&#13;
&#13;
In summary, Erway offers three steps for beginning a digital archive: establish basic policies for each type of born-digital item; inventory the digital collection and determine what formats and media storage ensure long-term sustainability; and seek other people and institutions developing similar digital collections.</text>
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                <text>OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc.</text>
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                  <text>Archives are collections of primary sources, cataloged and grouped for the purpose of preserving and making accessible the records of society’s cultural and historic heritage. Laura Millar, noted archivist and author of Archives principles and practices, defines the mission of archives “to acquire, preserve and make available the documentary memory of society…”(Millar 2010). These entries will focus on the explanation and description of an archive and why they are important to society. What does it mean to be an archive and what is the value of an archive?</text>
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                <text>The Converging Histories and Futures of Libraries, Archives, and Museums as Seen through the Case of the Curious Collector Myron Eells</text>
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                <text>Michael J. Paulus, Jr., librarian and professor at Seattle Pacific University in Seattle, Washington, compares Myron Eells’ 19th century eclectic library and his method of recordkeeping to postmodern trends in contemporary libraries, archives, and museums (LAMs). These trends include establishing special collections of rare and unpublished materials in libraries, and developing selection policies and designing informative interfaces for public access in museums. Such activities were once considered institutionally specific, and following the implementation of standardized practices and principles for LAMs in the early 20th century, would not have occurred outside their respective institutions.&#13;
&#13;
Myron Eells, minister, educator, and collector of “curiosities,” created an extensive record of the history of our country’s northwest. He accompanied his array of materials with careful documentation, adopting an ethnographic approach to indexing his materials, based in part on his many visits to museums. In addition to his collections (cabinets), he wrote books and articles describing the history of the NW territories and its people. Paulus observes while Eells was constructing his collections and writing diaries and manuscripts, the late 19th and early 20th century libraries and museums were establishing modernist principles and standards. Libraries, museums, and archives focused on highly specialized roles and kept collections and standards separate from each other. Paulus says Eells was largely oblivious of the emerging fields of library science and museum curation, and combined his artefacts with historical and fictional literature. When his library and personal papers were donated to Whitman College, the collection was dispersed between the library and museum, without regard to provenance.&#13;
&#13;
With the advent of digital technology, the content, mission, and tasks of librarians, archivists, and museum curators are merging. Paulus hopes the blurring boundaries between these institutions will foster greater sharing of their collections as each adopts the other’s philosophy—to collect, preserve, interpret, and disseminate information for the public. He recognizes the potential for aggregating the widely scattered collection of Myron Eells into a digital space that could recreate his desire to capture a past for future use</text>
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                <text>Paulus, Michael J., Jr. “The Converging Histories and Futures of Libraries, Archives, and Museums as Seen through the Case of the Curious Collector Myron Eells.”&lt;em&gt; Libraries &amp;amp; the Cultural Record&lt;/em&gt; 46 (2011): 185-205.</text>
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                <text>The Advanced Studies Center of the International Institute of the University of Michigan held a year-long Sawyer Seminar from 2000-2001 to investigate the complicated relationships between archives, forms of documentation, and societies. The program had 100 presentations over 28 sessions with representation from 15 different countries. The focus of the seminar was the role of archives in the production of knowledge. The book is divided into five sections. The first section deals with archives themselves. How does one define an archive? The second section looks at how archives are used in the production of knowledge. The third section is about social memory. These articles explore how archives create knowledge about broader social processes and activities that can be used to explore the past, such as how archives can deliberately limit, shape, or structure certain kinds of social understanding. The fourth section examines archives and political cultures, specifically Canada, the Caribbean, Western Europe, African, and European Colonial Archives. Essays cover the challenge of recovering “memory” in areas of colonialism and postcolonialism, revolutionary events, and evolving stable states. In contrast to section four, the last section covers archives and social understanding in states undergoing rapid transition, such as China, Postwar Japan, Postwar Greece, Russia, Ukraine, and the Balkins. The essays examine the relationship between state archives and governments, and they look at how politics affects archives. </text>
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