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                <text>Gladney’s article discusses the issue of addressing user interests in digital preservation. He notes that much scholarship on digital preservation to date (at time of writing) focuses on the interests of artists and scholars but that the users of archived digital information are growing to include businesses as well. He explains that one of the major concerns of users of digital archives is that of the trust. While the literature suggests that focus should be on creating trusted repositories, Gladney argues that this assumes naivety on the part of the users. Instead of promoting trusted repositories, he suggests focusing on creating trustworthy information. He discusses the concepts of “original” vs. “authentic” data and suggests a method for ensuring authenticity of digital artifacts, which he calls the Trustworthy Digital Object (TDO) Methodology. This involves attaching metadata to files which describes identifiers, external references, certification keys, and version history. Finally, Gladney admits that since TDO has not yet been tested, it is premature to give “firm assertions’ of its advantages over alternatives, but claims that TDO represents a necessary change in focus from repository needs to user needs. </text>
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                <text>Gladney, H. M. “Principles for Digital Preservation.” Communications of the ACM 49.2 (2006): 111-16. Accessed February 3, 2012. http://mysite.pratt.edu/~croach/images/princip.pdf</text>
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                <text>This is a presentation by Covey to Carnegie Mellon University.  She writes that in order to make a digital copy, one must have considered digital preservation and copyright law.  If something is out of copyright, it can be copied.  If the owner of the copyright or the law permits it, it can be copied.  Any other copying infringes on copyright.  Preservation of digital copies entails best practices in scanning, storage of master files, backup copies in multiple locations, and consideration of format changes.  When using copyright protected material by permission, the publisher and source must be stated, as well as the fact that work is the author's version.  Covey calls for civil disobedience and moral courage as she hopes to provide open access to university materials, including dissertations and lectures.  However, she says that few have contributed due to a lack of awareness, reward, and time from faculty, as well as negative attitudes of peers.  She also feels that people’s misconceptions about copyright are to blame.  Many faculty members do not understand copyright and they do not want to lose control of their own work.</text>
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                <text>This report discusses 12 different e-journal archiving efforts.  It finds that individual libraries cannot fully preserve what should be archived on their own.  Most libraries cannot get the licenses needed to archive what they want to.  And while some e-journal archiving efforts have been made, most academic e-journals are not being archived at all.  The report argues that libraries must make efforts to protect e-journals in order to meet the needs of researchers.  It recommends that libraries work with publishers to create e-journal archiving programs and earn the rights necessary to archive e-journals.  Libraries should collaborate about their efforts.  They should create a database of existing e-journal archives, in order to better see the gaps in preservation.  This information should be widely available online.  The report calls for support of and lobbying from libraries and e-journal archives, particularly within the library and scholarly community.</text>
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                <text>This report summarizes a review of 12 e-journal archiving programs from the perspective of concerns expressed by directors of academic libraries in North America. It uses a methodology comparable to the art of surveying land by "metes and bounds" in the era before precise measures and calibrated instruments were available. It argues that current license arrangements are inadequate to protect a library's long-term interest in electronic journals, that individual libraries cannot address the preservation needs of e-journals on their own, that much scholarly e-literature is not covered by archiving arrangements, and that while e-journal archiving programs are becoming available, no comprehensive solution has emerged and large parts of e-literature go unprotected.</text>
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                <text>*About the Authors&#13;
*Acknowledgments&#13;
*Executive Summary&#13;
*Introduction&#13;
&#13;
*Why is E-Journal Archiving Such a Concern?&#13;
*The Shift to Electronic Publishing&#13;
*User Preferences for Online Journals&#13;
*Library Response&#13;
*A Gathering Momentum&#13;
*Metes and Bounds&#13;
&#13;
*Library Directors' Concerns&#13;
*Sense of Urgency Resource Commitment and Competing *Priorities Need for Collective Response&#13;
*Cornell Survey of 12 E-Journal Archiving Initiatives&#13;
*General Characteristics&#13;
*Assessing E-Journal Archiving Programs&#13;
*Indicator 1: Mission and Mandate&#13;
*The Role of Legal Deposit in E-Journal Archiving&#13;
*The Role of Open Access Research Repositories in E-Journal Archiving&#13;
*Indicator 2: Rights and Responsibilities&#13;
*Indicator 3: Content Coverage&#13;
*Indicator 4: Minimal Services&#13;
*Short List of Minimal Services&#13;
*Indicator 5: Access Rights&#13;
*"Current Access" versus "Archiving"&#13;
*"Dark Archive" versus "Light Archive"&#13;
*Trigger Events&#13;
*Indicator 6: Organizational Viability&#13;
*Sources of Funding&#13;
*Stakeholder Buy-in&#13;
*Indicator 7: Network&#13;
*Getting and Keeping Informed&#13;
*Promising E-Journal Archiving Programs Not Included in this Report&#13;
*Conclusion&#13;
&#13;
Recommendations: Academic Libraries and Organizations&#13;
Recommendations: Publishers&#13;
Recommendations: E-Journal Archiving Programs&#13;
References&#13;
&#13;
APPENDIX 1: Survey on E-Journal Archiving Programs&#13;
APPENDIX 2: Profiles of the 12 E-Journal Archiving Initiatives&#13;
APPENDIX 3: Publishers Included in Each Archiving Program (Except NLA PANDORA)&#13;
APPENDIX 4: Multiprogram Publishers</text>
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                <text>Council on Library and Information Services</text>
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                <text>Kenney, Anne R., Richard Entlich, Peter B. Hirtle, Nancy Y. McGovern, and Ellie L. Buckley. “E-Journal Archiving Metes and Bounds: A Survey of the Landscape.” Council on Library and Information Resources. September 2006. Publication 138. Accessed February 4, 2012. http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub138</text>
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            <description>A process, used to engender knowledge, attitudes and skills, that the described resource is designed to support. Instructional Method will typically include ways of presenting instructional materials or conducting instructional activities, patterns of learner-to-learner and learner-to-instructor interactions, and mechanisms by which group and individual levels of learning are measured. Instructional methods include all aspects of the instruction and learning processes from planning and implementation through evaluation and feedback.</description>
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                <text>The Digital Public Library of America project is a massive undertaking that illustrates the growing expectations of having information available online and the importance Western society is placing on increasing digitization for both access and safekeeping. This project shows that digital archives and repositories are not an afterthought, but rather are moving to the forefront and becoming just as vital as physical collections. </text>
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        <name>copyright laws</name>
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        <name>digital conversion</name>
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        <name>metadata</name>
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        <name>open access</name>
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        <src>http://dar.cah.ucf.edu/files/original/797e6e112503ca5ca218b5eb78c4bcb2.JPG</src>
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            <description>The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.</description>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Preservation in the archive involves the process of historical representation and connotes security, safety, and assurance that the collections will remain intact and uncorrupted for future generations to enjoy. Digital collections pose unique preservation challenges and require an assessment of risks, both material and intellectual, as part of the planning and  management policies. These entries illuminate standard archival preservation practices and present future trends.</text>
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                <text>Metadata for All: Descriptive Standards and Metadata Sharing Across Libraries, Archives, and Museums</text>
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                <text>Web archiving</text>
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                <text>Elings and Günter discuss the different standards used for coding metadata among different types of institutions. They explain different systems that can be used, including the data structure systems CDWA, MARC and EAD; data content systems CCO, AACR2, and DACS; data formatting systems such as XML; and data exchange systems such as OIA. The authors explain the basics of these systems, comparing them to bottles, bottle contents, boxes of bottles, and delivery of boxes. They then give an overview of why different institutions tend to use different formats for their metadata needs, explaining that the institutions adopted these systems in response to specific needs they had based on the types of artifacts they were describing. The authors conclude by suggesting a new way of looking at different ways of using metadata not according to institution, but rather according to types of materials. Instead of categorizing the systems by library, archive, and museum, they instead categorize them by “material culture,” bibliographic, and archival materials. This promotes a more unified and translatable approach while making it clear what the purposes are behind using the different systems. </text>
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                <text>Integrating digital content from libraries, archives and museums represents a persistent challenge. While the history of standards development is rife with examples of cross-community experimentation, in the end, libraries, archives and museums have developed parallel descriptive strategies for cataloguing the materials in their custody. Applying in particular data content standards by material type, and not by community affiliation, could lead to greater data interoperability within the cultural heritage community.&#13;
&#13;
In making this argument, the article demystifies metadata by defining and categorizing types of standards, provides a brief historical overview of the rise of descriptive standards in museums, libraries and archives, and considers the current tensions and ambitions in making descriptive practice more economic.</text>
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                <text>Introduction&#13;
Key concepts for understanding standards&#13;
A grid of standards&#13;
How did we get here?&#13;
The library community&#13;
The archives community&#13;
The museum community&#13;
More recent trends&#13;
Conclusion</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Elings, Mary W.</text>
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                <text>Waibel, Gunter</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>First Monday</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2007-03-05</text>
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            <name>Contributor</name>
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                <text>Polk, Victoria</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="25207">
                <text>© First Monday, 1995-2015.</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://firstmonday.org/article/view/1628/1543</text>
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            <name>Bibliographic Citation</name>
            <description>A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible.</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="25210">
                <text>Elings, Mary W., and Günter Waibel. “Metadata for All: Descriptive Standards and Metadata Sharing Across Libraries, Archives, and Museums.” First Monday 12.3 (2007): n.p. Accessed February 6, 2012. &lt;a href="http://firstmonday.org/article/view/1628/1543."&gt;http://firstmonday.org/article/view/1628/1543.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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            <name>Instructional Method</name>
            <description>A process, used to engender knowledge, attitudes and skills, that the described resource is designed to support. Instructional Method will typically include ways of presenting instructional materials or conducting instructional activities, patterns of learner-to-learner and learner-to-instructor interactions, and mechanisms by which group and individual levels of learning are measured. Instructional methods include all aspects of the instruction and learning processes from planning and implementation through evaluation and feedback.</description>
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                <text>This is a useful guide for introducing the basics of metadata systems. Archivists may use this when trying to understand how and why different systems are used to create metadata for different types of artifacts.  </text>
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        <name>data</name>
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        <name>metadata</name>
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