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                  <text>This collection represents the delicate balance digital archivists seek when designing an archive that preserves and provides access, while also ensuring all parties' right to privacy and intellectual property. Also known as risk management, archives must anticipate potential infringements of intellectual property and privacy rights, and guard the public's right to free and open access. Items in the collection address risk management issues and underscore the necessity for keeping current in legal and ethical archival practices.</text>
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                <text>The Canadian Disease: The Ethics of Library, Archives, and Museum Convergence</text>
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                <text>The convergence of libraries, archives, and museums (LAMs) into monolithic organizations has been framed as a retreat from isolated, hierarchical institutions that are increasingly irrelevant in a networked age. The emerging prevalence of digital technology and mass digitization are also identified as primary motivators behind convergence. However, much of the literature on convergence is couched in business terminology that favors top-down management approaches and works to create nondemocratic structures with more power in fewer hands, with many of the pro-convergence arguments having little to no evidential support. This paper looks at LAM convergence from the perspective of working librarians, archivists, curators, and related staff and offers a reevaluation and critique of convergence practices in Canada and abroad. </text>
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                <text>Cannon, Braden. "The Canadian Disease: The Ethics of Library, Archives, and Museum Convergence." &lt;em&gt;Journal of Information Ethics &lt;/em&gt;22, no. 2 (September 1, 2013): 66-89. &lt;em&gt;Philosopher's Index&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;a href="http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?sid=b88d2b9c-9a2d-4983-ba33-93791f0b2245%40sessionmgr4005&amp;amp;vid=0&amp;amp;hid=4113&amp;amp;bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3D%3D&amp;amp;preview=false#AN=PHL2217428&amp;amp;db=phl"&gt;EBSCO&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt; host.&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                <text>The complexities of the ethics and truth in archival research are often unrecognized or invisible in educational research. The archival research for this paper took place in the former Czechoslovakia and its turbulent political history influenced the way data were accessed and collected. The article analyzes the productive power of archival institutions and their guardians, and examines the ethical dilemma of discovering sensitive information. Archival institutions hold the secrets that, once uncovered, can have powerful ramifications. It will be argued that the nature of truth in the archives is complex, and the author complicates and challenges the perception that archives are ethically neutral research spaces that do not need to consider approval from research ethics committees.&#13;
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                <text>Tesar, Marek. "Ethics and Truth in Archival Research." &lt;em&gt;History of Education &lt;/em&gt;44, no. 1 (January 2015): 101-114. &lt;em&gt;Education Source&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;a href="http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?sid=35a5ad19-e310-4df2-bb12-140aa2a1b529%40sessionmgr103&amp;amp;vid=0&amp;amp;hid=108&amp;amp;bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3D%3D&amp;amp;preview=false#AN=100015220&amp;amp;db=eue"&gt;EBSCO&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;host.&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                  <text>Items in this collection pertain to the ways one can use digital archives to teach digital humanities or related subjects. Specific pedagogies associated with the creation, management, preservation of archive content are also collected here.</text>
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                <text>This article is concerned with how access to free and open-source software—as well as tools that can be purchased, downloaded, and/or accessed directly online—enable classroom engagement with digital humanities scholarship. Detailing the alternate approach to education implemented by the City University of New York, the author uses this as a case study to examine the importance of access, collaboration, and methodology to digital humanities research and scholarship.</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;Klein, Lauren. "Hacking the Field: Teaching Digital Humanities with Off-the-Shelf Tools." &lt;em&gt;Transformations: The Journal of Inclusive Scholarship and Pedagogy&lt;/em&gt; 22, no. 3 (Spring/Summer 2011): 37-52. Accessed April 22, 2016. &lt;a href="%20http%3A//www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/trajincschped.22.1.0037" target="_blank"&gt;http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/trajincschped.22.1.0037&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>This article reports findings from a survey of 110 writers' personal digital archiving practices. The authors found that most writers neglect digital archival concerns, and consequently, their digital archives consist of poorly managed, highly distributed, and unsystematically labeled files. Writers are not entirely to blame for their neglect, however, as they develop archival practices idiosyncratically, with little or no guidance from information professionals, and 80% indicate they would welcome instruction on digital preservation. The authors recommend that archivists actively approach writers to offer guidance on the best and simplest ways to organize and archive their files so as to prevent further losses. (Provided by authors)</text>
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                <text>Becker, Devin, and Collier Nogues. 2012. "Saving-Over, Over-Saving, and the Future Mess of Writers' Digital Archives: A Survey Report on the Personal Digital Archiving Practices of Emerging Writers." The American Archivist, 2012. 482. JSTOR Journals, EBSCOhost (accessed April 6, 2016).</text>
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                <text>This book addresses both practical and theoretical considerations for the creation, maintenance, and preservation of digital archives. While it offers a new approach of thinking about h digital preservation, the authors emphasize that it is not a how-to guide: Corrado and Moulaison take a broader approach, structuring the book according to different activities digital archivists engage in. Throughout the book, Corrado and Moulaison exemplify their arguments by presenting current best practices. The management section is predominantly concerned with institutional regulations, human resources, financial aspects, and organization. In the technology section, the authors present a variety of formats and guidelines, and provide an in-depth discussion of metadata and its importance for digital preservation. Finally, in a section on content, Corrado and Moulaison discuss various kinds of data and content – such as science and humanities data – and what archivists need to take into account when dealing with each type.</text>
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                <text>3.	Corrado, Edward M., and Heather Lea Moulaison. Digital Preservation for Libraries,  Archives, and Museums. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers, 2014.&#13;
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                <text>The authors of this book argue that libraries are institutions of human rights and social justice and should fully embrace this role. They outline ways in which preservation institutions can integrate social justice and human rights in their practice and policies. Jaeger et al. start out by introducing the notions of social justice and human rights, and historically trace how the two concepts intersect with information and literacy. Then, they examine how policies and regulations for library and preservation institutions implement human rights today. Examples of current practices illustrate what that entails. The authors also address reasons why libraries have struggled with incorporating social justice in some ways, and finally propose ways in which such obstacles can be overcome. </text>
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                <text>7.	Jaeger, Paul T., Natalie Greene Taylor, and Ursula Gorham. Libraries, Human Rights, and Social Justice: Enabling Access and Promoting Inclusion. Lanham, MD: Rowanman &amp; Littlefield, 2015&#13;
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                  <text>Public interest in accessing and archiving digital audio and visual collections is finding support and expression in digital archives, digital libraries,digital museums and digital cultural heritage institutions. Large digital archives and institutions commonly provide instruction and community support for digitizing audio and visual content. In addition to these practical issues, this collection addresses the digital migration and representation of audiovisual and photographic artifacts.</text>
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                <text>How to Preserve Change: Activist Archives &amp; Video Preservation.</text>
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                <text>In this podcast, Jefferson Bailey of the New York Library Council and Joshua Ranger of Audiovisual Preservation Solutions discuss ways in which archivists can preserve documentation of activism. They interview Grace Lile and Yvonne Ng, both of whom are archivists at the international non-profit organization WITNESS, which focuses on using video as a medium for human rights documentation and advocacy. Lile and Ng describe the archive at WITNESS, emphasizing that in human rights work, the safety and security of people have to be prioritized over access, as creators’ and interviewees’ lives may be in danger. Thus, human rights archiving requires close collaboration with creators and producers, and the appraisal process must entail a variety of considerations regarding safety. Lile and Ng therefore see the archive not so much as a place to store information on the past, but, in the context of activism specifically, as part of the process of creation. </text>
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                <text>"How to Preserve Change: Activist Archives &amp; Video Preservation." Hosted by Jefferson Bailey and Joshua Ranger. Metropolitan New York Library Council and AudioVisual Preservation Solutions, January 1, 2013.</text>
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                  <text>In 2003, the Library of Congress and the national libraries of Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, England and other countries formed the International Internet Preservation Consortium, and have spearheaded an international effort to preserve Internet content for future generations.&#13;
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                <text>In this blogpost, Dan Cohen, executive director of the Digital Public Library of America, argues that square root sampling, a mathematically developed method for crime prevention, can help archivists make acquisition decisions, especially when large amounts of ephemera are to be archived. Cohen contends that ephemera are important collections of primary sources for practicing historians. Yet he acknowledges that the amount of available ephemera is overwhelming. The Calculus of Importance can help determine which ephemera to keep. The Calculus of Importance, according to mathematician William Press, is the ideal way to determine who should be screened for criminal activity. Cohen exemplifies the method, which is essentially a weighted form of random sampling, and maintains that it does not only apply to crime prevention, but in several other fields, archiving among them. Cohen asserts that using the calculus of importance on digital ephemera and other records that exist in large quantities is advantageous because we cannot anticipate who or what will be deemed important by future historians. </text>
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                  <text>Ethics, Privacy, Copyright, and Legislation</text>
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                  <text>This collection represents the delicate balance digital archivists seek when designing an archive that preserves and provides access, while also ensuring all parties' right to privacy and intellectual property. Also known as risk management, archives must anticipate potential infringements of intellectual property and privacy rights, and guard the public's right to free and open access. Items in the collection address risk management issues and underscore the necessity for keeping current in legal and ethical archival practices.</text>
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                <text>Lor, Peter Johan, and J.J. Britz. "An Ethical Perspective on Political-Economic Issues in the Long-Term Preservation of Digital Heritage." Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 63 (2012): 2153–2164. </text>
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                  <text>Archives may represent any number or size collection and institution. These different types of archives may include governmental, non-selective collecting, thematic or activist, with corresponding missions and purposes unique to each institution. The items of this collection engage the processes of archive planning, building, and curation, and also represent notable digital archives whose collections reflect their respective institution's history and community.</text>
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                <text>Challenges of Digital Preservation.</text>
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                <text>Andrea Goethals, manager of digital preservation and repository services at the Harvard Library, delivered this presentation on 22 April 2011 to an audience of undergraduate students at Harvard University. Goethals aims at encouraging students to acknowledge and care about the preservation of digital heritage, taking into account especially the challenges that libraries and heritage institutions face presently and in the future. Goethals argues that among the “tsunami” of data on the web, there may be countless items worth preserving. Yet archiving mere digital bits is insufficient; software needs to be able to read the formats in order to ensure content remains meaningful. But this dependence on technology is problematic: Goethals emphasizes that technologies are fleeting, to the point that older content may become unreadable and thus meaningless. The challenge for digital archivists, according to Goethal, is thus twofold: on the one hand, the bits need to be kept safe through the highest quality of preservation possible. On the other hand, information must be kept usable in spite of transient, fleeting technologies. </text>
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                <text>Goethals, Andrea. “Challenges of Digital Preservation.” Presentation for Boston University MA/ CS 109 class, Boston, MA, April 22, 2011.&#13;
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