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                <text>Baylis counters the idea that there are too many digitized historic photographs for public use by stating that there is too little information contextualizing these photographs. Using the Larcom Albums of 19th century Irish prison photographs housed in the New York Public Library’s photographic archive, Baylis reconstructs the original context of the photographs from each album, pointing out the differences in content, photographic style, technique, and description. She also recounts the history of the collection and the shift in meaning and context from when original owner, Larcom first organized and classified the prisoner photographs into an album to when albums transferred to a writer and eventually to the New York Public Library. Each album, while featuring prisoners from the same Irish prison within a similar time period, was unique in its categorization of criminal as opposed to political prisoners. However, because this information was recorded in a manuscript located elsewhere, the superficial visual similarities obscured the significant differences between the two albums. Since digitization of these photographs, they continue to be recreated in meaningful contexts far different from their origins. Genealogists interested in Irish ancestry are the predominant users of this collection, assembling individual photographs and records as an “assemblage” devoid of any “temporal anchoring.” Baylis notes that one of the results of digitization is the tendency to rely on photographs for surface meaning and visual reference, rather than recognize them as trace elements of a past, containing their own rich history and layers of meaning.  </text>
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                <text>Baylis, Gail. "A few too many? Some considerations on the digitisation of historical photographic archives." Paper presented at the MIT 6 Conference. Boston, MA,April 24-26 2009. &lt;a href="http://web.mit.edu/comm-forum/mit6/papers/Baylis.pdf"&gt;http://web.mit.edu/comm-forum/mit6/papers/Baylis.pdf&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Digital libraries, museums, and archives have discovered a beneficial partnership with law enforcement. Digital forensics as a method for extracting “unaltered evidence” and establishing “verifiable and repeatable examinations” of the data has been adopted by several digital archives ingesting and processing born digital artefacts. In a panel presentation featuring noted archivists, librarians, and curators, the authors discuss the application of digital forensics and the consequential effects on archival practices. While maintaining the provenance and original context of the born digital object’s origin and use is still of paramount importance, the authors view the computer as the creator’s workstation and a “complex archival object” in itself. Developing finding aids and a database for recreating the virtual work-study requires not just technical facility and familiarity with the author’s work, but also involves understanding the needs and interests of researchers and scholars. All digital files associated with the author’s final editions are considered integral to understanding the creative process and thus, archivists are also collaborating with users of the archive to develop a prototype for ingesting born digital objects. An additional benefit of applying digital forensics to archiving is learning how to represent unpublished, digital ephemera, opening the possibility for representing creative works by marginalized populations. </text>
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                <text>Polk, Victoria </text>
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                <text>2010 Centre for Computing in the Humanities</text>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;Redwine, Gabriela, Matthew Kirschenbaum, Michael Olson, and Erika Farr. “Born Digital: The 21&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; Century Archive in Practice and Theory.” Panel of papers presented at DH 2010, Kings College, London, July 2010. &lt;a href="http://dh2010.cch.kcl.ac.uk/academic-programme/abstracts/papers/html/ab-718.html#d540e750"&gt;http://dh2010.cch.kcl.ac.uk/academic-programme/abstracts/papers/html/ab-718.html#d540e750&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                  <text>This collection represents the delicate balance digital archivists seek when designing an archive that preserves and provides access, while also ensuring all parties' right to privacy and intellectual property. Also known as risk management, archives must anticipate potential infringements of intellectual property and privacy rights, and guard the public's right to free and open access. Items in the collection address risk management issues and underscore the necessity for keeping current in legal and ethical archival practices.</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Intellectual Property Rights for Digital Preservation</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Although the article is written for a British audience and the copyright laws and legislation regarding author/creator’s “moral rights” are different from the U.S. similar challenges from special interest groups and handling orphan works beset American archivists as they do British archivists. The author also recommends policies appropriate and practical for digital archivists in the U.S. Encouraging the creator to establish access and property rights before ingesting the materials and assisting the depositor with creating metadata are strategies that may enhance access without violating copyright infringement. Other strategies include risk management planning and carefully assessing the varieties of licensing required of each type of deposited object. Establishing “clear and ethical guidelines” for accessing or reusing the collection and incorporating descriptive, structural, and administrative metadata (legal references) should ameliorate risks of copyright and intellectual property infringement.</text>
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                <text>The DPC Technology Watch Reports identify, delineate, monitor and address topics that have a major bearing on ensuring our collected digital memory will be available tomorrow. They provide an advanced introduction in order to support those charged with ensuring a robust digital memory, and they are of general interest to a wide and international audience with interests in computing,&#13;
information management, collections management and technology.</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Charlesworth, Andrew</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>2012-12-02</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                <text>Polk, Victoria </text>
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          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Digital Preservation Coalition 2012 and Andrew Charlesworth 2012</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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            <description>A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="24448">
                <text>Charlesworth, Andrew. "Intellectual Property Rights for Digital Preservation." A report presented to the Digital Preservation , Bristol, UK, December 2, 2012. &lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.7207/twr12-02"&gt;http://dx.doi.org/10.7207/twr12-02&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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        <name>content management</name>
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        <name>copyright laws</name>
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        <name>metadata</name>
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                <description/>
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                  <text>Public Participation and Memory</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Public interest in accessing and archiving digital audio and visual collections is finding support and expression in digital archives, digital libraries,digital museums and digital cultural heritage institutions. Large digital archives and institutions commonly provide instruction and community support for digitizing audio and visual content. In addition to these practical issues, this collection addresses the digital migration and representation of audiovisual and photographic artifacts.</text>
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    <elementSetContainer>
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                <text>Between Archive and Participation: Public Memory in a Digital Age</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Haskins examines the effects of the Internet on the memory work of archives and the informal, vernacular style of the broad public. Examples of the vernacular style of memory work include the spontaneous display of mementos at memorials or sites of mourning, and uploading personal stories and photographs to the Internet via social media. Traditionally, archival memory stores and orders material traces of the past without the presence or engagement by the public. However, the Internet continually archives the transmission of media and exponentially, the private opinions, ephemera, and idiosyncratic methods of organization of its contributors. The diversity of public opinion and the sharing of content afford both potentially beneficial and destructive consequences. Participation in memory work by a greater cross-section of society that is unaffected by more conservative, institutional restraints supports the values and beliefs of a democratic society. Conversely, that same diversity fosters insularity, given the widely fragmented content and the commercial profit gained by nurturing individualistic self-expression. Haskins proposes, through her examination of the 9-11 digital archive a balanced approach to centering memory work by cultural heritage institutions with guidelines for public participation and fostering a comprehensive view of history. </text>
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                <text>Haskins, Katerina</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>Rhetoric Society Quarterly</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2007</text>
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            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Polk, Victoria</text>
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          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>The Rhetoric Society of America</text>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>Haskins, Katerina. "Between Archive and Participation: Public Memory in a Digital Age." &lt;em&gt;Rhetoric Society Quarterly &lt;/em&gt;v. 37, n.4. (2007): 401-422.</text>
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                <text>Haskins illuminates one of the most critical challenges facing builders of digital archives: balancing the time-tested standards and methods for storing and providing access to a comprehensive representation of cultural knowledge against the demands for digitization and greater public participation. In this article, she alerts the reader to the potential loss of historical consciousness and a “self-congratulatory amnesia” resulting from the Internet style of unbridled public expression. Archives should facilitate broad perspectives and a sense of the larger body politic. As digital archivists, we provide the contextual information, tools, and interface design that may either enhance or detract from the idea of cultural memory. </text>
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        <name>memory</name>
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        <name>new media</name>
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        <name>photography</name>
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&#13;
Another distinguishing characteristic of Debates in the Digital Humanities is the inclusion of blogs and tweets. These contemporary forums of intellectual exchange demonstrate a medium most apt for identifying and discovering the social as well as technical milieu in which digital humanists operate. Gold appropriately includes the blogs to reiterate the intertwinement of digital media (i.e. social networking) and disciplinary theory and practice. &#13;
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                <text>This revised edition of Introduction to Metadata, first published in 1998 and updated in an online version in 2000, provides an overview of metadata -- its types, roles, and characteristics; a discussion of metadata as it relates to Web resources; a description of methods, tools, standards, and protocols for publishing and disseminating digital collections; and a handy glossary. Newly added to this edition are an essay on the importance of standards-based rights metadata for cultural institutions; and a section entitled "Practical Principles for Metadata Creation and Maintenance."</text>
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                <text>Baca, Murtha, et. al. &lt;em&gt;Introduction to Metadata: Online Edition, Version 3.0. &lt;/em&gt;Los Angeles, CA: Getty Publications, 2008. &lt;a href="http://www.getty.edu/research/publications/electronic_publications/intrometadata/"&gt;http://www.getty.edu/research/publications/electronic_publications/intrometadata/&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Author and archivist, Trevor Owens, discusses a wide range of issues relating to digital archives and preservation. In this blog, he describes crowdsourcing and offers a rationale for soliciting "citizen archivists" to contribute content to large digital cultural heritage collections. He develops four concepts for assessing the types of crowdsourcing needed: human computation, wisdom of crowds, software tools for scaffolding amateur contributions, and tapping into the public's motivation for contributing to the archive. He expounds on each concept and provides key questions digital archivists may pose before potential crowdsourcers.  Several examples of successful crowdsourced digitial collections and links for further reading are included in the blog. &#13;
&#13;
Owens is also suspicious of corporate sponsored crowdsourcing projects, such as Google's "Image Labeler," or Amazon's "Mechanical Turk." The amount of labor invested in completing the digital tasks for these sites may be exploitative, yet Owens also acknowledges that these types of interaction provide models for implementing crowdsourcing for more humane projects. His list of four concepts accompanied by key questions establishes a criteria for successful crowdsourcing and prevents the project from devolving into a "digital sweatshop."</text>
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                <text>In this article, Venezia discusses the influence of the archive on the comics of Alan Moore and proposes using the archive as a “model and method” for “reading the history” presented in similar types of graphic narratives. Ephemeral objects of history, including diaries, photographs, and other memorabilia that form archival collections abound in Moore’s comics. The comic’s unique ability to feature fragments of the past juxtaposed or placed within the space of the present and an imagined future renders the comic its historiographic quality. Venezia suggests the archival elements of the comic legitimizes its representation of history and illuminates for the reader popular cultural attitudes. In the examples given, he identifies fears of unemployment and the anticipation of the government’s demise indicating the social context and at a deeper level, the presentation of history as an archive. The importance of preserving the scattered remnants of a society as depicted in the comic is not just a narrative device; it is an acknowledgement of the archive’s power in making people aware of the present.</text>
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                <text>Venezia, Tony. "Archives, Alan Moore, and the Historio-Graphic Novel." &lt;em&gt;International Journal Of Comic Art&lt;/em&gt; 12, no. 1 (2010): 183-199. &lt;em&gt;Art Full Text (H.W. Wilson)&lt;/em&gt;, EBSCO&lt;em&gt;host&lt;/em&gt; (accessed Feb. 1, 2013).</text>
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